Schistosomes are parasitic worms which are a first-rate instance of a fancy multicellular pathogen that prospers within the human host regardless of the event of a pronounced immune response. Understanding how the immune system offers with such pathogens is a frightening problem. The previous decade has seen using a variety of recent approaches to find out the character and performance of the immune response to schistosomes. Right here, we try to summarize advances in our understanding of the immunology of schistosomiasis, with the majority of the evaluate reflecting the experimental give attention to Schistosoma mansoni an infection in mice.
Main mouse myoblast purification, characterization, and transplantation for cell-mediated gene remedy
The transplantation of cultured myoblasts into mature skeletal muscle is the idea for a brand new therapeutic strategy to muscle and non-muscle illnesses: myoblast-mediated gene remedy. The success of myoblast transplantation for correction of intrinsic muscle defects will depend on the fusion of implanted cells with host myofibers. Earlier research in mice have been problematic as a result of they’ve concerned transplantation of established myogenic cell strains or main muscle cultures. Each of those cell populations have disadvantages: myogenic cell strains are tumorigenic, and first cultures comprise a considerable proportion of non-myogenic cells which is not going to fuse to host fibers.
Moreover, for each cell populations, immune suppression of the host has been crucial for long-term retention of transplanted cells. To beat these difficulties, we developed novel tradition circumstances that allow the purification of mouse myoblasts from main cultures. Each enriched and clonal populations of main myoblasts had been characterised in assays of cell proliferation and differentiation.
Main myoblasts had been depending on added bFGF for progress and retained the power to distinguish even after 30 inhabitants doublings. The destiny of the pure myoblast populations after transplantation was monitored by labeling the cells with the marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) utilizing retroviral mediated gene switch. Inside 5 days of transplantation into muscle of mature mice, main myoblasts had fused with host muscle cells to kind hybrid myofibers. To look at theimmunobiology of main myoblasts, we in contrast transplanted cells in syngeneic and allogeneic hosts. Even with out immune suppression, the hybrid fibers endured with continued beta-gal expression as much as six months after myoblast transplantation in syngeneic hosts. In allogeneic hosts, the implanted cells had been utterly eradicated inside three weeks.
To evaluate tumorigenicity, main myoblasts and myoblasts from the C2 myogenic cell line had been transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Solely C2 myoblasts fashioned tumors. The convenience of isolation, progress, and transfection of main mouse myoblasts beneath the circumstances described right here increase the alternatives to review muscle cell progress and differentiation utilizing myoblasts from regular in addition to mutant strains of mice.
The properties of those cells after transplantation–the stability of ensuing hybrid myofibers with out immune suppression, the persistence of transgene expression, and the dearth of tumorigenicity–suggest that research of cell-mediated gene remedy utilizing main myoblasts can now be broadly utilized to mouse fashions of human muscle and non-muscle illnesses.
IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in well being and illness
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad impact on cells of the immune system and people not of the immune system and infrequently shows hormone-like traits that have an effect on homeostatic processes. IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti inflammatory properties and is now thought to be a distinguished goal for scientific intervention. Nonetheless, the signaling cassette that controls the exercise of IL-6 is sophisticated, and distinct intervention methods can inhibit this pathway. Scientific expertise with antagonists of IL-6 has raised new questions on how and when to dam this cytokine to enhance illness end result and affected person wellbeing. Right here we talk about the impact of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity and the doable benefits of assorted antagonists of IL-6 and contemplate how the immunobiology of IL-6 could inform scientific selections.
citologica
The biology of interleukin-2.
A lot information help an important position for interleukin (IL)-2 in immune tolerance. This concept is far completely different from the early paradigm through which IL-2 is central for protecting immune responses. This modification in pondering occurred when a T regulatory cell defect was proven to be liable for the deadly autoimmunity related to IL-2/IL-2R deficiency. This realization allowed investigators to discover immune responses in IL-2-nonresponsive mice rendered autoimmune-free. Such research established that IL-2 generally contributes to optimum main immune responses, however it isn’t obligatory.
Rising findings, nevertheless, counsel an important position for IL-2 in immune reminiscence. Right here, the present understanding of the twin position of IL-2 in sustaining tolerance and contributing to immunity in vivo is reviewed with some emphasis on T regulatory cell manufacturing and homeostasis. Additionally mentioned are implications of this new appreciation in regards to the immunobiology of IL-2 with respect to concentrating on IL-2 or its receptor in immunotherapy.
Immunobiology of the TAM receptors.
Latest research have revealed that the TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases–TYRO3, AXL and MER–have pivotal roles in innate immunity. They inhibit irritation in dendritic cells and macrophages, promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and membranous organelles, and stimulate the maturation of pure killer cells. Every of those phenomena could depend upon a cooperative interplay between TAM receptor and cytokine receptor signalling methods. Though its significance was beforehand unrecognized, TAM signalling guarantees to have an more and more distinguished position in research of innate immune regulation.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mobile programme that’s recognized to be essential for embryogenesis, wound therapeutic and malignant development. Throughout EMT, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are remodelled, which ends up in the detachment of epithelial cells from one another and the underlying basement membrane, and a brand new transcriptional programme is activated to advertise the mesenchymal destiny.
Within the context of neoplasias, EMT confers on most cancers cells elevated tumour-initiating and metastatic potential and a higher resistance to elimination by a number of therapeutic regimens. On this Assessment, we talk about latest findings on the mechanisms and roles of EMT in regular and neoplastic tissues, and the cell-intrinsic indicators that maintain expression of this programme.
We additionally spotlight how EMT offers rise to a wide range of intermediate cell states between the epithelial and the mesenchymal state, which might perform as most cancers stem cells. As well as, we describe the contributions of the tumour microenvironment in inducing EMT and the results of EMT on the immunobiology of carcinomas.
Membrane Protein - Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| P3255830 | Biochain | 0.1 mg | EUR 270 |
Paraffin Tissue Section - Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF-7 |
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| T2255830 | Biochain | 5 slides | EUR 238 |
MCF-7 cells |
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| C0006008 | Addexbio | One Frozen vial | EUR 546 |
Human Mcf-7 Whole Cell Lysate |
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| LYSATE0024 | BosterBio | 200ug | EUR 180 |
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Description: This cell lysate is prepared from human mcf-7 using Boster's RIPA Lysis Buffer (AR0105) using a standard whole cell lysate protocol. The concentration was determined using the BCA assay process and then diluted using Dithiothreitol (DTT) and a reducing SDS sample loading buffer, heated for 5 minutes at 100˚C. |
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MCF-7 Human breast cancer, noninvasive cell line: >1x10^10 frozen exosomes |
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| EXOP-100A-1 | SBI | 50 ug | EUR 409 |
Human MCF-7 (breast cancer) Cell Nuclear Extract |
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| HCL-2016 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100ug | EUR 255.6 |
MCF-7 Nuclear Extract |
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| X12002 | EpiGentek | 1000 µg | Ask for price |
SKOV-3/Luc Cell Line |
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| AKR-232 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 686.4 |
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Description: SKOV-3/Luc Cell Line stably expresses luciferase and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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MCF 7 Membrane Lysate |
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| XBL-10442 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 619.8 |
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Description: MCF 7 (Human breast Adenocarcinima) cell membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The MCF 7 (Human breast Adenocarcinima) cell was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70ºC. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated MCF 7 (Human breast Adenocarcinima) cell membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated MCF 7 (Human breast Adenocarcinima) cell membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal. |
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MCF-7 Whole Cell Lysate (Human breast adenocarcinoma cells) |
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| MCF7-100 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
MCF-7 Whole Cell Lysate (Human breast adenocarcinoma cells) |
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| MCF7-50 | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 153.6 |
MCF-7 Nuclear Extract (H2O2) |
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| 1642-100 | Biovision | each | EUR 248.4 |
NFAT Reporter (Luc) - Jurkat Cell Line |
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| 60621 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2295 |
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Description: The NFAT Reporter - Jurkat Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of the_x000D_NFAT response element stably integrated into Jurkat cells. This cell line has been validated for_x000D_response to thapsigargin, ionomycin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). It is useful as_x000D_a control cell line for other NFAT reporter cell lines expressing various immune checkpoint_x000D_receptors. |
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GAL4 Reporter (Luc)-HEK293 Cell Line |
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| 60656 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1095 |
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Description: The GAL4 Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of a multimerized GAL4 upstream activation sequence (UAS) stably integrated into HEK293 cells. The cell line does not contain any exogenous activators of the GAL4 reporter and can be used alongside BPS Cat. #60655 as a control. |
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STAT5 Reporter (Luc) - Ba/F3 Cell line |
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| 79772 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2275 |
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Description: The STAT5 Reporter (Luc)-Ba/F3 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT5 signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by the STAT5 response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by cytokines or growth factors, endogenous STAT5 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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IRF Reporter (Luc) - THP-1 Cell line |
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| 79858 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1810 |
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Description: The Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is designed to study the activation and signaling of Cytosolic DNA Sensors (CDS) in human monocytic cell line THP-1. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by multimerized ISRE (Interferon Stimulated Response Element) located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. _x000D_The cGAS-STING pathway acts to detect cytosolic DNA and induce an immune response. Briefly, upon binding DNA, the protein cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cGAMP. cGAMP binds to STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) which triggers phosphorylation of IRF3 via TBK1. IRF3 can then bind to interferon-stimulated responsive elements (ISRE) in the nucleus and leads to IFN-α/β production. The IRF reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is highly responsive to STING and CDS ligands. |
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Human MCF-7 (breast cancer) Whole Cell Lysate, Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulated |
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| HCL-2014 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100ug | EUR 255.6 |
NF-κB Reporter (Luc) - HCT116 Cell Line |
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| 60623 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1095 |
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Description: NF-B luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of HCT-116 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene._x000D_The NF-κB-luciferase/HCT-116 cell line is suitable for monitoring the activity of NF-κB signaling in response to stimulants such as the cytokines TNF and IL-1β, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) (i.e. flagellin) or endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules (i.e. NOD1 ligand) (see application references). It is also suitable for establishing cell-based screens for inhibitors that target specific NF-κB stimulating molecules. This cell line can be further modified to allow investigation of downstream NF-κB activities as a result of targeted genetic mutation(s). |
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NF-κB reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell line |
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| 60650 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1365 |
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Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc) HEK293 cell line is designed to monitor nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) activity. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or agonists of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. The cell line has been functionally validated in response to human TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17. |
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STAT3 Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell line (Puromycin) |
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| 79800-P | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 3730 |
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Description: The STAT3 Reporter (Luc)-HEK293 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT3 signal transduction pathway. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by STAT3 response elements located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by cytokines and growth factors, endogenous STAT3 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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Foxp3 Reporter (Luc) - Jurkat Recombinant Cell Line |
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| 60628 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 7645 |
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Description: Human Foxp3 luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of Jurkat T- cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by a human Foxp3 promoter and an enhancer-like conserved noncoding sequence upstream of the Foxp3 promoter. |
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NF- κB Reporter (Luc) - Raw 264.7 Cell line |
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| 79978 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2045 |
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Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-Raw 264.7 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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MCF-10A |
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| C0006015 | Addexbio | One Frozen vial | EUR 560.4 |
NF- κB Reporter (Luc) - THP-1 Cell Line |
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| 79645 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1900 |
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Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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PAI-1 Reporter (Luc) - Mv1 Lu Cell Line |
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| 60544 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 3595 |
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Description: PAI-1 Reporter (Luc)-Mv1 Lu cell line is designed for monitoring transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulator of cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, and protein expression._x000D__x000D_PAI-1 Reporter (Luc) -Mv1 Lu cell line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of PAI-1 responsive elements stably integrated into Mv1 Lu (NBL-7) cells, showing TGF-β pathway response. This cell line is validated for the TGF-β response to the induction of PAI-1 gene expression through luciferase activity. _x000D_ |
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NF-κB reporter (Luc) - NIH/3T3 Cell line |
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| 79469 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1900 |
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Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-NIH/3T3 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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NF-κB Reporter (Luc) - CHO-K1 Cell Line |
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| 60622 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1095 |
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Description: An NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of CHO-K1 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by the NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene._x000D_The NF-κB-luciferase / CHO-K1 cell line is suitable for monitoring the activity of NF-κB transcription factor through luminescence readout.). This cell line responds to human cytokine IL-1β, responds moderately to human TNF, and does not respond to human IFN-λ (2 µg/ml). Reducing the amount of serum during incubation period may increase the sensitivity to cytokines. Since CHO-K1 cells do not express endogenous human proteins, this cell line provides an excellent platform to enable exogenous expression of a protein of interest to study its downstream effect on NF-κB signaling. |
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NF-κB Reporter (Luc) - A549 Stable Cell Line |
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| 60625 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1915 |
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Description: NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of A549 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene. |
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STAT5 Reporter (Luc)- U937 Cell Line (GM-CSF) |
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| 79941 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1980 |
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Description: The STAT5 Reporter (Luc)-U937 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT5 signal transduction pathway in the U937 cell line. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by the STAT5 response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by GM-CSF, endogenous STAT5 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. |
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NF-κB-Luciferase Reporter (Luc) - Jurkat Cell Line |
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| 60651 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2340 |
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Description: NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of Jurkat T- cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-kB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene. |
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CD40/NF-κB Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Stable Cell Line |
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| 60626 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 6825 |
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Description: Recombinant HEK293 cell line expressing full length human CD40 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5; TNFRSF5). Expression is confirmed by real-time qPCR and Western Blot. This NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by human CD40 ligand, NF-κB transcription factor binds to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene. _x000D_ |
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GLP-1R/CRE (Luc) Reporter - HEK293 Recombinant Cell Line |
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| 78176 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 10105 |
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Description: Recombinant HEK293 cells expressing firefly luciferase gene under the control of cAMP response element (CRE) with constitutive expression of human GLP-1R (Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; accession number BC113493)._x000D_GLP-1R, a member of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) primarily found in pancreatic β cells, is activated by a peptide hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) that is secreted from intestinal L-cells after nutrient ingestion. GLP-1R plays an important role in controlling blood sugar level by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, so various research efforts have focused on the regulation of the GLP-1R mediated signaling pathway as a therapeutic approach to diabetes. |
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Myc Reporter (Luc) - HCT116 Cell Line (Myc Signaling Pathway) |
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| 60520 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2175 |
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Description: The Myc Reporter - HCT116 cell line contains the firefly luciferase gene under the control of Myc responsive elements stably integrated into HCT116 cells, a human colon cancer cell line. HCT116 contains a mutated beta-catenin which leads to the accumulation of β-catenin and constitutive activation of downstream Myc that induces the expression of Myc luciferase reporter. The cell line is validated for the inhibition of the expression of Myc luciferase reporter. |
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GITR / NF-κB-Luciferase Reporter (Luc) - Jurkat Cell Line |
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| 60546 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 10175 |
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Description: This cell line expresses a surface human GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related gene; TNFRSF18; CD357) and an NF-κB luciferase reporter construct that are stably integrated into the genome of Jurkat T-cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene. The cells have been validated using purified human GITRL and anti-GITR neutralizing antibody. |
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GAS Reporter (Luc) - HeLa Cell Line (IFNγ/JAK/STAT1 Pathway) |
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| 79041 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 1810 |
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Description: The GAS reporter (Luc)-HeLa cell line is designed to monitor the activity of interferon gamma-induced signal transduction pathways in cultured cells by measuring activated STAT1 homodimers. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by three copies of the interferon gamma-activated sites (GAS) located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. IFNγ first binds to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of two chains, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, causing its dimerization and the activation of specific Janus family kinases (JAK1 and JAK2). Two STAT1 molecules associate with this ligand-activated receptor complex and are activated by phosphorylation to form active homodimer. The active STAT1 homodimers translocate to the nucleus where they bind interferon gamma-activated sites (GAS) in the promoter of IFNγ inducible genes, including luciferase reporter gene. |
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GR-GAL4 Reporter (Luc)-HEK293 Cell Line (Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway) |
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| 60655 | BPS Bioscience | 2 vials | EUR 2275 |
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Description: The Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway GAL4 Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell Line contains a_x000D_firefly luciferase gene under the control of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain that is_x000D_fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of GAL4 (GAL4 DBD-GR) stably integrated into_x000D_HEK293 cells. This fusion construct activates firefly luciferase expression under the control of a_x000D_multimerized GAL4 upstream activation sequence (UAS). This allows for specific detection of_x000D_glucocorticoid-induced activation of the glucocorticoid receptor without the need for individual_x000D_transcriptional targets and with low cross-reactivity for other nuclear receptor pathways. This cell_x000D_line is validated for response to stimulation of dexamethasone and to the treatment with_x000D_mifepristone, an inhibitor of the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. |
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